Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus grows outside the uterus. This tissue can cause inflammation, pain, and scar tissue (adhesions), especially around the pelvis.

Key Facts

Usually seen in

People who have periods, most commonly from their first period until menopause.

Body parts involved

It most often affects areas in the pelvis, such as around the uterus, ovaries, and nearby tissues.

Why it matters

Endometriosis can affect daily life due to pain and can also be linked with fertility problems in some people.

Common Symptoms

Symptoms can vary from person to person. Some have severe pain, while others have mild symptoms.

Common symptoms include

• Painful periods (often worse than usual cramps)
• Pelvic pain between periods
• Pain during or after sex
• Pain while passing urine or stool, especially during periods
• Heavy periods or spotting between periods
• Trouble getting pregnant
• Bloating, constipation, diarrhea, or nausea (often around periods)

Risk Factors

You may have a higher chance of endometriosis if you have:

• A family history (mother, sister)
• Early start of periods or shorter cycles
• Periods that last many days
• Other long-term pelvic pain problems

Diagnosis

Endometriosis is often suspected based on symptoms, but tests help to understand what is happening and rule out other causes.

Tests doctors may suggest

• Pelvic exam (to check tenderness or lumps)
• Ultrasound (can help find ovarian cysts linked to endometriosis)
• MRI in selected cases
• Laparoscopy (a small surgery) can confirm endometriosis and sometimes treat it at the same time

Treatment

Treatment depends on your symptoms and whether you are trying to get pregnant. Many people need a mix of options.

Pain relief

• Pain medicines (like anti-inflammatory medicines) may help control cramps and pelvic pain

Hormone-based treatment

Hormone treatment can reduce bleeding and slow the growth of endometriosis tissue. Options may include:

• Combined hormonal contraception (pill, patch, ring)
• Progestin-based medicines (including some IUD options)
• GnRH medicines in selected cases (specialist-guided)

Surgery

If pain is severe, cysts are present, or fertility is affected, doctors may suggest laparoscopic surgery to remove endometriosis tissue and scar bands.

Fertility support

If pregnancy is a goal and it is difficult to conceive, a specialist may suggest fertility treatments based on your situation.

Possible Complications

Endometriosis can sometimes lead to:

• Ongoing pelvic pain
• Scar tissue and organ sticking (adhesions)
• Ovarian cysts (endometriomas)
• Fertility problems

When to Seek Medical Help Quickly

Get medical help urgently if you have:

• Sudden severe pelvic/abdominal pain
• Very heavy bleeding (soaking pads frequently)
• Fever with pelvic pain
• Fainting, severe weakness, or repeated vomiting

Specialists to Consult

• Gynecologist
• Endometriosis specialist / minimally invasive gynecologic surgeon
• Fertility specialist (if you are planning a pregnancy)