Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is a cancer that begins in the prostate, a small gland in men located below the bladder. The prostate helps produce fluid that supports sperm. Prostate cancer often grows slowly, especially in early stages, but some types can be more aggressive and need faster treatment.

Many men may not notice symptoms early. That is why regular check-ups and timely testing are important, especially after age 50 or if there is a family history.

Why prostate cancer matters

Prostate cancer can stay limited to the prostate for a long time, but if it spreads, it may affect nearby organs or bones. Early detection gives more treatment options and better outcomes.

Common Symptoms

Early prostate cancer may not cause symptoms. When symptoms appear, they can look similar to prostate enlargement (BPH).

Urinary symptoms

• Frequent urination (especially at night)
• Weak urine stream or slow flow
• Difficulty starting urination
• Feeling the bladder is not fully empty
• Pain or burning while urinating (sometimes)

Other symptoms

• Blood in urine or semen
• Pain during ejaculation (in some cases)

Symptoms that can happen in advanced stages

• Bone pain (back, hips, ribs)
• Unexplained weight loss and extreme tiredness
• Weakness or numbness in legs (rare but urgent)

Risk Factors

Risk may increase with:

• Age (more common after 50)
• Family history of prostate cancer
• Certain inherited gene changes in some families
• Overweight or obesity
• Smoking (in some studies)
• Diet low in fruits/vegetables and high in processed foods (possible risk link)

Diagnosis

Doctors diagnose prostate cancer using exams and tests.

Common tests

• PSA blood test
• Digital rectal exam (DRE)
• Prostate MRI (often helps decide if biopsy is needed)
• Prostate biopsy (confirms cancer)
• Scans for staging in selected cases (CT, bone scan, PET scan)

Treatment

Treatment depends on cancer stage, PSA level, biopsy results, and overall health.

Active surveillance (selected early cases)

For slow-growing cancers, doctors may monitor closely with regular tests and scans.

Surgery

Removal of the prostate may be advised in suitable cases.

Radiation therapy

Used as the main treatment in some cases, or after surgery in selected situations.

Hormone therapy (androgen deprivation therapy)

Used to reduce testosterone effect, because many prostate cancers grow with male hormones.

Chemotherapy

Used in more advanced or aggressive cases.

Targeted therapy and immunotherapy

Used in selected patients based on cancer testing and a specialist plan.

Supportive care

Helps manage urinary symptoms, pain, fatigue, and treatment side effects.

When to Seek Urgent Medical Help

Get medical help quickly if you have:

• Heavy blood in urine
• Inability to pass urine
• Severe back/hip pain with weakness or numbness
• Sudden loss of bladder/bowel control
• High fever with urinary symptoms

Specialists to Consult

• Urologist
• Medical oncologist
• Radiation oncologist

Explore Prostate Cancer Care

This category includes medicines used for prostate cancer treatment and supportive care, chosen as part of a specialist-led treatment plan.