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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

HIV is a virus that affects a person’s immune system. HIV's full name is Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and it targets White Blood Cells, an essential component of the human immune system. Without proper treatment, HIV can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a severe condition that significantly compromises the body's ability to fight diseases.

Key Facts About HIV

Since HIV affects the immune system of the body, it leaves a person vulnerable to other infections. Here are some key points about the disease:

• HIV and Its Transmission: HIV spreads through specific bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, etc.

• The Transmission: The virus is commonly transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, sharing of needles or syringes, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.

• Myth: It does not spread through casual contact, such as shaking hands, kissing, or sharing food. 

• Importance of Test: The sole way to know if a person is suffering from HIV is by getting tested. 

• Treatment Availability: Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) helps control the virus, enabling individuals to live long, healthy lives. It also reduces the risk of transmission.

• Prevention techniques: There are several prevention techniques, such as using condoms during sexual activities, avoiding needle sharing, and taking preventive medications like PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis).

• Absence of Cure: Although there is no permanent cure for HIV AIDS, proper treatment can manage the condition.

Symptoms of HIV

HIV infection progresses through different stages, each with its own set of symptoms. Here is a breakdown of the phases and the symptoms associated with them:

• 2-4 Weeks of The Infection

Some people may not show any symptoms during this stage. However, those who do may experience:

1. High temperature

2. Headache

3. Muscle and joint pains

4. Rash

5. Sore throats

6. Swollen lymph nodes

7. Fatigue

8. Night sweats

• Chronic HIV

In this phase, viruses stay active, but their reproductive rate remains low. The individual may experience no symptoms or only mild ones. This stage can persist for several years.

• AIDS

This is the most advanced stage, in which a person’s immune system is severely damaged. As a result, the individual becomes highly vulnerable to infections and severe medical conditions, including certain types of cancer. Some symptoms of this stage include:

• Severe weight loss

• Diarrhea that lasts for over a week

• Sores in the mouth or genitals

• Pneumonia

• Memory loss 

• Red, pink, or brown blotches on different parts of the body

• Depression

• Neurological issues

Other illnesses can also cause these symptoms. Only a test can confirm the presence of HIV.

Causes of HIV

HIV is caused by a virus that spreads through specific bodily fluids. Understanding its primary modes of transmission is essential for prevention. Here is a presentation of the primary causes.

• Sexual Transmission

The most common cause of HIV transmission occurs through unprotected sex with an infected person.

• Blood Transmission

The sharing of needles or syringes during drug use significantly increases the risk of infection.

• Mother-To-Child Transmission

An infected mother can transmit the virus to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

Types of HIV

Mainly, there are two types of HIV: HIV 1 and HIV 2. Here is how they are different from each other:

1. HIV 1

• It is the most common type of HIV in the world.

• The infection spreads fast and is more likely to cause AIDS.

• Further classified into different groups, with Group M accounting for the majority of HIV cases globally.

1. a. Group M

• The "M" stands for Major, as it is responsible for most AIDS cases worldwide.

• Experts consider Group M as the main driver of the global AIDS pandemic.

• Group M can be divided into subtypes, including A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, and K. These subtypes are distributed across various geographical regions.

• Scientific evidence shows that the Democratic Republic of Congo is the origin of Group M.

      2. HIV 2

• It is mainly found in Africa.

• Less virulent than HIV-1, meaning it progresses more slowly.

• Less likely to develop into AIDS compared to HIV-1.

• Some antiretroviral medications that work against HIV 1 are not as effective against HIV 2.

Similarities Between HIV 1 and HIV 2 

• Both HIV 1 and HIV 2 can cause AIDS by weakening the immune system.

• HIV 1 and HIV 2 are retroviruses and are capable of converting their RNA into DNA to replicate within the host's cells.

• The transmission of both types takes place through similar bodily fluids.

Risk Factors of HIV

Knowing the risk factors of HIV is essential to prevent the spread of the infection. Here are some key factors that lead to its transmission:

1. Unprotected Sexual Intercourse

• Having anal or vaginal sex without a condom is a primary cause of HIV transmission.

• People who have multiple sexual partners always have the risk of getting infected. 

• The presence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as syphilis and chlamydia, can increase the risk of both acquiring and transmitting HIV.

2. Sharing Needles and Syringes

Sharing needles for drug use can lead to HIV infection by facilitating direct blood-to-blood contact.

3. Exposure to Blood Products

Although rare in countries with strict blood screening protocols, receiving blood from an infected donor can easily transmit HIV. Additionally, healthcare professionals are at risk of accidental contact with exposed needles having infected blood, leading to HIV infection. 

4. Mother-to-Child Infection

During pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, the disease may be transferred to a child.

5. Social Factor

Poverty and lack of proper education on the subject can put a person at high risk of HIV infection. 

Diagnosis of HIV

Experts use various tests to detect the presence of HIV in saliva, blood, or urine. A positive ELISA test confirms the presence of HIV RNA or DNA in the body. Here are some other tests that doctors conduct to confirm HIV infection:

• Antibody Tests

It is a quick method for analysing the antibodies the body produces to fight HIV. These tests analyse oral fluid or blood for a faster diagnosis.

• Antibody/Antigen Tests

These tests, widely used in laboratories, detect both HIV antibodies and antigens. Since antigens appear before antibodies, this test allows for earlier detection.

• Nucleic Acid Tests

This test can detect the virus in blood. It is accurate and can detect HIV quickly. However, due to its high cost, it is not commonly used for routine screening.

• Home Tests

These provide a private way to check for HIV. However, professional confirmation is recommended after a positive result.

Prevention of HIV

There are practical exercises that can help in preventing the spread of this disease. Here are some methods that can help in stopping HIV transmission: 

1. Protected Sexual Practices

• The proper use of condoms and other safe sex practices can drastically reduce the spread of infections.

• People should consider limiting or reducing the number of their sexual partners to lower the risk of HIV transmission.

• Regular STI screenings can help detect and treat infections early, reducing the risk of HIV transmission.

2. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

• PrEP involves taking daily medications to prevent the spread of infection. 

• One must take PrEP as prescribed by their healthcare provider.

• This solution is particularly beneficial for individuals at high risk of HIV infection.

3. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

• PEP involves taking the medication after potential exposure to HIV.

• People must start taking the medication within 72 hours of the exposure.

• PEP is intended for emergencies, such as unprotected sex, needle-sharing, or occupational exposure.

4. Assessment and Treatment

• Regular physical evaluations can help in the early detection of the virus

• Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) reduces the virus to undetectable levels, effectively preventing transmission and assisting individuals to maintain a healthy immune system.

5. Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission

• Antiretroviral Therapy during pregnancy can reduce the risk of the child getting infected.

• Using feeding options such as formula can reduce the risk of infection compared to breastfeeding.

Specialists to Visit For HIV

Upon the detection of HIV, people can get in touch with several specialists for support. Here is a list of such professionals:

• Infectious Disease Specialist

An infectious disease specialist specialises in the management and diagnosis of diseases such as HIV. They also treat complications such as pneumonia and other infections that may arise due to a weakened immune system.

• Nurses

Nurses play a vital role in primary HIV care by providing essential support and coordinating with doctors throughout the treatment process. They also assist in patient education, administer medications, and collect blood samples for necessary tests.

• Pharmacists

Pharmacists collaborate with the healthcare team to develop an effective medication plan, ensuring proper dosage, managing drug interactions, and supporting adherence to HIV treatment.

• Mental Health Provider

A holistic treatment of HIV requires the well-being of both body and mind. A lot of individuals suffering from this disease have depression. Hence, a care team is needed, consisting of psychologists and other mental health experts.

• Nutritionist

Consuming the right food is essential for recovery from any disease. It is not very different in the case of HIV. This is where a nutritionist comes in and creates a meal plan for the patient. 

• Dentist

HIV can cause sores in the mouth and gums, increasing the risk of infections and complications. Regular dental check-ups help prevent tooth decay, manage oral health issues, and reduce the risk of further infection.

• Social Worker

Social workers can answer all the queries an individual may have regarding the disease. They provide support and can educate a sufferer on managing this medical condition. 

• Case Manager

A case manager assists individuals living with HIV by coordinating their healthcare needs. They work closely with physicians and other healthcare providers to ensure comprehensive support for medical, physical, and mental health.

• Immunologists

Immunologists focus on disorders that are related to the immune system. They manage HIV-related immune system problems. 

• Pediatricians

Pediatricians specialize in caring for children, including those living with HIV. They provide medical treatment, monitor the child’s overall health, and manage any complications to ensure their well-being.

Treatment Options For HIV

Although there is no cure for HIV, treatments are available to help a person live a healthy life. The primary treatment for this disease is ART. Here is the breakdown of various treatment options:

1. Antiretroviral Therapy

• Goal: The objective of using ART is to suppress the virus's action and boost the immune system.

• Medication: ART is taken daily as prescribed.

2. Types of Antiretroviral Drugs

• Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

• Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

• Protease Inhibitors

• Integrase Inhibitors

• Fusion Inhibitors

• CCR5 Antagonists

• Post-Attachment Inhibitors

3. Monitoring and Management

This treatment technique involves activities such as testing the effectiveness of ART and monitoring the immune system's condition. At this stage, physicians help patients manage the side effects of ART.

4. Research for Future Treatments

• Long-Acting Injectables: Ongoing research is focused on developing long-acting ART injections to reduce the need for frequent medication administration and improve treatment adherence.

• Gene Therapy: Researchers are looking for gene therapy techniques to address the treatment of HIV.

• Vaccine Development: Scientists are working to develop a vaccine for this disease. 

Home Care and Lifestyle Changes

Leading an everyday life is not impossible with HIV. Following the doctor’s advice can help a person stay healthy. Lifestyle changes can improve a sufferer’s health and help him live longer. Here are some key steps to achieve a good lifestyle:

• Taking Prescribed ART

Administering ART as prescribed by a doctor is highly effective at suppressing viral effects. Careful consumption can prevent drug resistance and help individuals lead healthier lives.

• Following a Healthy Diet

Maintaining a healthy diet supports the immune system. Food suggestions may include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. 

• Exercising Regularly

Regular exercise helps individuals with HIV stay fit, strengthen their immune system, and reduce the risk of depression, improving overall well-being.

• Stress Management

Managing stress is crucial because it can affect the immune system. Techniques like yoga and meditation can help reduce stress in such conditions. 

• Adequate Rest and Sleep

Sufficient rest is essential to ensure that the immune system functions properly.

• Avoiding Smoking and Alcohol Consumption

Excessive smoking and alcohol consumption compromise the health of the immune system. 

• Taking Care of Mental Health

It is normal for people suffering from HIV to live an emotionally challenging life. In such a scenario, they can consult mental health experts to improve their lives.

• Vaccinations

Individuals with weak immune systems must stay up to date with their vaccinations. 

Complications of HIV

HIV weakens the immune system, reducing the body’s ability to fight infections and diseases. Without proper treatment, the condition can progress to AIDS and lead to severe health complications. Here are some potential complications that may arise without treatment:

1. Opportunistic Infections

These illnesses are more severe in individuals with HIV due to their weakened immune systems, but are typically less critical in those without the virus. They include:

• Pneumocystis Pneumonia

• Candidiasis

• Cytomegalovirus

• Tuberculosis

• Toxoplasmosis

2. Cancers

People with HIV have a high chance of suffering from certain types of cancers, such as:

• Kaposi’s Sarcoma

• Lymphoma

• Cervical Cancer

3. Coinfections

A person suffering from HIV can get infected by more than one disease at a given time. These diseases are known as coinfections. Some coinfections of HIV are:

• Tuberculosis

• Hepatitis B

• Hepatitis C

4. Neurological Issues

Apart from the immune system, HIV can also affect the nervous system. It may lead to conditions like:

• HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND)

• Peripheral Neuropathy

• Meningitis

Comorbidities of HIV

Individuals living with HIV are at risk of developing comorbidities, which may arise due to the virus itself, long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART), or lifestyle factors. Here are some common comorbidities that HIV patients may experience:

• Cardiovascular issues

• Metabolic disorders

• Osteoporosis

• Kidney issues

• Liver problems

• Neurocognitive problems

• Mental health disorders

• Cancers

• Age-related disorders

Alternative Therapies For HIV

Not a lot of research has taken place on alternative therapies for HIV. However, some techniques are worth trying for individuals suffering from this disease. These are:

• Body Therapies

This includes yoga and meditation, which help in reducing pain. Studies have found that yoga is quite effective in addressing problems of anxiety and depression.

• Acupuncture

Acupuncture helps with relaxation and relieves nausea and pain. It is a good way to achieve relaxation. 

• Herbal Medicine

While specific herbal remedies may help support the immune system and overall well-being of individuals with HIV, they should be used with caution. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional before incorporating any herbal treatments, as some may interact with antiretroviral therapy (ART).

• Massage Therapy

A good massage therapy can provide relief and improve the mood of those suffering from stress. It is also a lovely way to alleviate muscle tension.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Can a person with HIV live an everyday life?

Although HIV is not curable, it can be managed using several techniques. People who use such strategies can lead long, everyday lives. 

2. How does HIV transmission take place?

HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids such as semen, blood, vaginal fluid, and breast milk.

3. How do I stop worrying about HIV?

You can consult mental health experts and speak with your loved ones. It will empower you to fight this condition.

4. What is the myth regarding HIV?

The most popular myth regarding HIV is that it spreads through hugging, kissing, and sharing food.

5. What happens if you have HIV?

If left untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS within 8–10 years, marking severe immune system damage and increased vulnerability to infections and diseases.

6. What are some of the symptoms of HIV?

Early symptoms of HIV can resemble the flu, while later stages may involve significant weight loss, fatigue, and a weakened immune system.

7. How long can you live with HIV without knowing?

A person can have an asymptomatic HIV infection for 10 years without knowing. A test can help confirm the presence of the disease.

8. How does HIV differ from AIDS?

HIV, meaning Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is responsible for the disease AIDS. AIDS is the final and most severe stage of HIV infection.

9. How did HIV start?

Researchers believe that HIV originated in West Equatorial Africa, where hunters were exposed to infected chimpanzee blood in the early 20th century. These chimpanzees are considered the source of the virus.

10.  What is the diagnosis process of HIV?

HIV can be diagnosed by testing oral fluids or blood to detect antibodies and antigens.

11. How do I stop HIV?

You can stop HIV by following some simple rules, such as having protected sex and never sharing needles and syringes with others.

12. What is ART?

ART or Antiretroviral Therapy is a combination of medications that prevent HIV replication, helping to maintain a low viral load and protect the immune system.

Take control of your health and check out the wide range of HIV treatment options available at Indogenmed today!

Disclaimer: For general information only. In case of an HIV infection, get in touch with a professional. 

References:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9936705/

https://www.americangene.com/pipeline/hiv-aids/