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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. It develops when lung cells undergo mutations, leading to uncontrolled growth and the formation of tumours that can spread to other parts of the body. Smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer in the world. In fact, 85% of lung cancer cases in the world are caused by smoking. 

While smoking remains the biggest contributor, other factors such as exposure to air pollution, secondhand smoke, and harmful chemicals can also increase the risk. Continue reading to learn more about the disease in detail. 

Key Facts About Lung Cancer

Although lung cancer is very common, awareness about its causes and key facts is limited. Most people do not know if they are at risk of developing lung cancer. 

• Women and Lung Cancer: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women, surpassing even breast cancer. In the U.S., a woman dies from lung cancer every nine minutes.

• Leading Cause of Death: Lung cancer is responsible for leading cancer-related deaths in the US. Every two and a half minutes, a person is diagnosed with lung cancer. 

• Radon Poisoning: Among non-smokers and former smokers, radon exposure is the primary cause of lung cancer. This naturally occurring gas can accumulate in homes and buildings, increasing cancer risk.

• Leading Cause: Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer measuring in at a staggering 85%. 

Symptoms of Lung Cancer

Unfortunately, lung cancer often does not show symptoms until the cancer has advanced. Moreover, symptoms can be specific to a certain area of the body where the cancer has metastasized (spread). Either way, it is important to look out for certain indications listed below:

• Prolonged coughing

• Loss of appetite

• Hoarse voice

• Wheezing

• Chest pain 

• Feeling ill with no cause

• Unexpected weight loss

• Bronchitis 

• Pneumonia 

• Coughing up blood

These symptoms could be a sign that your cancer is at an early stage. In such a situation, it is advisable to get a screening. People often dismiss early signs, which leads to delayed diagnosis. The earlier the diagnosis, the better the chances of survival. Some of the symptoms of metastasized lung cancer include:

• Lymph Node Swelling: Swollen lymph nodes, especially in the upper body region such as the neck, chest, or armpits, can sometimes indicate that lung cancer has spread,

• Nervous System: Symptoms such as dizziness, weakness in the arm or legs, headache, or balance problems indicate that the cancer has spread to the brain and nervous system. 

• Pain in the Bones: Symptoms include back pain and bone pain. 

• Jaundice: This is the result of the cancer spreading to the liver. It can lead to skin yellowing. 

Causes of Lung Cancer

Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer. However, it is not the only factor, as several other factors contribute to the development of lung cancer including radon and passive smoking: 

Smoking

Cigarette smoke contains many harmful chemicals, known as carcinogens. These include:

• Arsenic 

• Benzene 

• Lead 

• Nickel 

• Formaldehyde 

• Vinyl Chloride 

• Hydrazine 

• Cadmium 

• Acetaldehyde 

These substances are toxic and cause cancer. Moreover, these substances are known to cause other diseases such as heart disease and mouth cancer as well. 

The harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke damage the linings of the lungs. Although the body may repair initial damages, prolonged and frequent exposure to smoking causes irreparable damage. These damaged cells later mutate to form cancer. Quit smoking today! 

Radon 

For people who do not smoke, Radon exposure is the most common cause of lung cancer. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is created from uranium naturally in nature. Outdoor radon is not a major concern as it disperses into the air. However, indoor radon can reach dangerous levels, especially in poorly ventilated areas. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of radon significantly increases the risk of lung cancer. 

Particle Pollution 

The air we breathe contains tiny particles, commonly known as "soot," which result from pollution. These solid and liquid particles are usually invisible to the naked eye but can form a visible haze when present in high concentrations. Long-term exposure to particle pollution significantly increases the risk of developing lung cancer.

Occupational Hazard

Certain occupations demand working with toxic chemicals which increases lung cancer risks. They are:

• Cadmium

• Nickel 

• Asbestos 

• Beryllium 

• Arsenic 

• Silica 

• Diesel fumes

Repeated exposure to these chemicals causes cancer. 

Genetic 

Although most of the causes of lung cancer are external, genetics play a role in the development of lung cancer in many people. If your family has a history of lung cancer, chances are, you too are at high risk. 

When talking to your doctor, let them know about your family history. This will help them determine whether you are at risk. 

Types of Lung Cancer 

Mainly there are two types of lung cancers, namely, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Small-Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC).

1. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Non-small cell lung cancer is characterized by the large size of the cancerous cells. It develops in the lung tissue and spreads slowly to other body parts. Due to this, the early stages of NSCLC are often undetected. 

Types of NSCLC:

• Large Cell Carcinoma: This NSCLC can occur in any part of the lungs and spreads the fastest among the other two.

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Also called epidermoid carcinoma, this forms in the thin, flat cells of the lungs. This grows in the centre of the lungs around the bronchus (air tube). 

• Adenocarcinoma: This is found in the outer area of the lungs which lines the alveoli. 

NSCLC is the most common form of lung cancer. 85% of all lung cancer cases are non-small cell lung cancer. 

2. Small-Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)

This type of lung cancer is rare but harmful. SCLC is associated with people who have a long history of smoking. It is the most aggressive form of lung cancer and spreads rapidly in the body. 

Small-cell lung cancer is classified into two types based on how it spreads:

• Small-cell Carcinoma: It is the most common type of SCLC and spreads fast to other parts of the body in the early stage. It is also called oat cell cancer. 

• Combined Cell Carcinoma: This exhibits the symptoms of both small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. It is a rare subtype of SCLC. 

SCLC can spread to the bone, brain, liver, lymph nodes, and adrenal glands. 

Lung Cancer Stages

There are five stages of lung cancer. They are listed below:

1. Stage 0 (In Situ) Lung Cancer: This is the earliest stage of lung cancer where it has not spread to other parts of the lungs. The cancerous cells are in the upper part of the lungs or bronchus in this stage. 

2. Stage 1 Lung Cancer: In this stage, the cancer is contained in the lungs and has not spread outside. 

3. Stage 2 Lung Cancer: The tumour has grown larger and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes.

4. Stage 3 Lung Cancer: In the third stage, the tumour grows and spreads to the chest wall or pericardium. 

5. Stage 4 Lung Cancer: This is the most advanced stage of lung cancer where the cancer has spread to the other lung, distant organs, or the fluid surrounding the lungs, making treatment more challenging.

Lung Cancer Risk Factors

A risk factor refers to exposure to substances that increase one's risk of getting lung cancer. Avoiding most of these factors improves your chance of not developing lung cancer. These include:

• Smoking tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars, e-cigarettes, etc. 

• Passive smoking also increases your risk of getting lung cancer.

• Radon exposure

• Older age 

• Family history 

• Asbestos exposure

• Arsenic exposure in water

• Air pollution

Lung Cancer Diagnosis

Diagnosis of lung cancer depends from person to person. Initially, imaging tests are performed and these tests help determine whether you have lung cancer. In case you have developed cancer, it is typically shown as a white spot on the black background of the lungs. 

The types of imaging tests are:

1. PET Scan: This test involves injecting a small amount of radioactive sugar isotope into the body. Since cancer cells absorb more sugar than normal cells, a special camera detects areas of high radioactivity, helping to identify cancerous growths.

2. CT Scan: Computed Tomography or CT scan takes multiple pictures of a part of the body. These pictures are then combined to form a detailed image that a doctor can examine. 

If any of these scans suggest the presence of cancerous cells, a doctor may further study tissues through several other tests. These include:

• Bronchoscopy: A bronchoscope or a light and flexible tube is inserted into the large airways of the lungs. This method allows doctors to collect tissue samples as well as spot any tumours. 

• Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS): A specialized ultrasound device is attached to the tip of the bronchoscope to provide a more detailed view of lymph nodes and surrounding tissues during bronchoscopy.

• Endoscopic Ultrasound: This examines the mediastinum (space between the lungs and the chest). It is also fitted with an ultrasound device.

• Thoracentesis: This process examines the fluid around the lungs. Normally, this fluid helps the lungs move smoothly during breathing, but excess fluid buildup can indicate cancer. A thin needle is used to drain and examine the fluid for cancer cells.

• Sputum Cytology: A sample of mucus (sputum) from the lungs is examined under a microscope to detect cancerous cells, particularly in cases of central lung tumours.

Prevention of Lung Cancer

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and exercising daily also makes your body more immune.  Other precautions you can take to reduce lung cancer chances are:

• Quit Smoking: It significantly reduces the chance of getting lung cancer. The earlier you quit smoking, the better for your health. Nicotine replacement therapy such as nicotine patches, gums, and lozenges helps quit smoking slowly.

• Check Radon Levels: Radon exposure is a major cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. Conduct radon tests in your home and workplace, seal any cracks in floors or walls, and consider installing a radon sump system to reduce indoor radon levels.

• Avoid Second-Hand Smoking: Passive smoking increases the risk of lung cancer. Avoid being around smokers and smoking zones. Cover your nose when being in such situations. Also, make your home and car smoke-free. 

• Beware of Carcinogens: Avoid carcinogenic substances such as asbestos and arsenic. 

By making these lifestyle changes and taking preventive measures, you can significantly lower your chances of developing lung cancer. However, some risk factors, such as air pollution and diesel exposure, are unavoidable and cannot be completely controlled.

Specialists to Visit

Diagnosing and treating lung cancer requires a team of medical specialists, each playing a vital role in your care. From initial diagnosis to treatment and recovery, these experts work together to provide comprehensive care. Below is a detailed list of specialists to visit:

• Radiologist: This doctor interprets the result of your MRI, CT Scan, or X-Ray. Usually, they are the first person you will consult. 

• Oncologist: An oncologist or medical oncologist treats cancer with the help of therapies such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. 

• Thoracic Surgeon: They specialize in surgical operations in the chest and lung area. 

• Interventional Pulmonologists: Specializing in advanced diagnostic and staging techniques, interventional pulmonologists use minimally invasive procedures such as bronchoscopy to assess lung cancer progression.

• Radiation Oncologists: They are trained to utilize therapeutic radiation to treat lung cancer. 

• Pathologist: A pathologist assists in diagnosing and identification of lung cancer as they are specialized in analyzing tissues.

• Dietician: They help lung cancer patients maintain a healthy lifestyle by suggesting the required nutrition and food intake. 

Different specialists are involved in the treatment of lung cancer, with the primary being an oncologist. You can always go for a second opinion and change doctors. Remember, the process should be comfortable and focused on your betterment. 

Treatment Options for Lung Cancer

Treatment options depend on how far the cancer has spread and the type of lung cancer. For non-small cell lung cancer, a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy is used to eliminate the cancerous cells. 

On the other hand, small-cell lung cancer is treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Here is a list of possible treatment options available for lung cancer:

• Chemotherapy 

• Immunotherapy 

• Radiation Therapy

• Targeted Therapy

• Surgery 

• Radio Therapy

However, these treatments are not without their side effects. They are:

1. Chemotherapy 

• Fatigue 

• Hair loss

• Anemia 

• Infection 

• Numbness 

• Sore mouth 

• Low white blood cell

• Bruising and bleeding 

2. Surgery

• Fatigue 

• Blood clots

• Pain 

• Cough

• Difficulty breathing

• Collapsed lungs

• Heart problems

3. Immunotherapy 

• Diarrhea 

• Muscle and joint pain 

• Nausea 

• Poor appetite

• Cough 

• Fatigue 

• Constipation 

4. Targeted Therapy 

• Swelling 

• Autoimmune issues 

• Skin problems 

• High blood pressure

• Heart damage 

• Slow wound healing 

Home Care & Lifestyle Changes

While treatment is inevitable for lung cancer, practising self-care and adopting lifestyle changes will help you cope. 

1. Stop Smoking 

Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. When diagnosed with lung cancer, taking special care of your lungs is crucial. Quit smoking is the best advice for lung cancer, for that, you can enrol in quit-smoking programs or try nicotine patches. In the USA, you can call 1-800-784-8669 quitline to help you assist in quitting smoking. 

2. Exercise 

Contrary to popular belief, exercising does not cause more breathing problems. In fact, it helps you cope with the side effects of cancer treatment. Moreover, it improves sleep and strengthens the immune system. Consult your doctor on exercising advice and limitations for better quality of life. 

3. Maintain a Healthy Diet

Along with exercising, maintaining a healthy diet will help you cope with side effects as well. Include fruits, vegetables, and lean protein in your diet as lung cancer can cause loss of appetite, diarrhoea, and nausea. A proper and balanced diet can help manage these symptoms. 

4. Precaution Against Infections 

Lung cancer increases your chances of catching an infection because of the low count of white blood cells. Take extra precautions to avoid getting cuts. If you get any cut, be sure to clean and properly dress it. Moreover, get proper vaccines for diseases such as Covid-19 and pneumonia.  

Complications of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer can lead to several serious complications as it progresses. These complications may affect breathing, circulation, and overall health: 

• Pleural Effusion: Excess fluid accumulates between the lungs and the chest wall, making it difficult to breathe and causing chest discomfort.

• Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: A growing tumor may press against the superior vena cava (a major vein that carries blood from the upper body to the heart), leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, swelling in the face and chest, and headaches.

• Hypercalcemia: When lung cancer spreads to the bones, it can cause an excessive release of calcium into the bloodstream. This condition increases the risk of fractures and can lead to symptoms like fatigue, nausea, and confusion

• Fluid Around the Heart: Cancer-related fluid buildup around the heart can put pressure on the organ, affecting its ability to pump blood efficiently and potentially leading to heart complications.

Comorbidities of Lung Cancer 

Since lung cancer is associated with smoking and ageing, comorbidities are common among patients. The most common comorbidities are Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases and Cardiovascular Diseases. Other comorbidities include:

• Bronchiectasis 

• Tuberculosis 

• Interstitial Lung Disease

Alternative Therapies For Lung Cancer

There are alternative therapies available to cope with lung cancer. They can be combined with integrated medicines to yield the best results. They are listed below:

• Meditation 

• Special Diet

• Massage

• Tai Chi

• Naturopathic Medicines

• Biofeedback

• Yoga

• Reflexology

Exercise caution and consult a doctor before starting or changing therapies. 

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Is lung cancer curable?

The curability of lung cancer depends on its stage. 65% of people with stage 1 lung cancer survive after 5 years of diagnosis. However, the disease is not entirely curable but symptoms can be managed ensuring a good quality of life. 

2. Are lung cancer symptoms constant?

Symptoms of lung cancer vary from person to person. In some people, the symptoms are constant from the early stages of cancer. On the other hand, other people may face symptoms only after the cancer has spread. 

3. Can I get lung cancer without smoking?

Yes, you can get lung cancer even if you have never smoked in your life. A lot of people who are fighting with lung cancer have never smoked. Other causes include radon poisoning, air pollution, and passive smoking among many others. 

4. Can I have lung cancer and not know it?

Yes, it is possible to have lung cancer without you knowing it. This is because there are often no symptoms of lung cancer during stage 1. The symptoms start to show after the cancer has progressed. 

5. Can lung cancer be cured at stage 4?

Unfortunately, stage 4 lung cancer has no cure. However, there are treatment options available for managing symptoms and providing a better quality of life. 

6. Is lung cancer genetic?

Lung cancer is not entirely genetic, however, genetic factors also play a role in lung cancer. Numerous studies show that some people inherit gene changes called germline mutations that contribute to the development of cancerous cells. 

7. How does lung cancer develop?

Lung cancer occurs when certain lung cells undergo mutations, causing them to grow and divide uncontrollably. This uncontrolled growth leads to the formation of tumors, which can interfere with lung function and spread to other parts of the body. The primary cause of lung cancer is prolonged exposure to toxic substances, such as tobacco smoke and radon gas.

8. How does lung cancer look?

Lung cancer may be visible in an X-ray or CT scan as a small nodule in the lungs. Typically, when imaging your lungs, they appear black. Abnormal cells, however, appear white, indicating the presence of cancer. 

9. Does lung cancer cause itchy skin?

Yes, itchy skin is a symptom of lung cancer. Moreover, it is also a side effect of treatment such as chemotherapy or oral oncology drugs. 

10. Will lung cancer cause back pain?

Yes, lung cancer causes back pain and it is a symptom of metastasis or spreading of cancer.

11. Which lung cancer is more aggressive? 

Small-cell Lung Cancer or SCLC is the most aggressive type of lung cancer. It spreads throughout the body at a faster rate as its cells are small and multiply faster. 

Indogenmed offers first-line treatment drugs for lung cancer. Shop now! 

Disclaimer: For general information only. This does not replace professional diagnosis. If you feel you have lung cancer, consult a doctor. 

Reference:

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lung-cancer

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq